Iraq War in 2003

Introduction Iraq war 2003 is considered as the 2nd Gulf war. In 2001, when George Bush became the president, chances of war in Iraq grew rapidly as Bush administration accused Iraq of producing weapons of mass destruction. Iraq countered this allegation, but could not stop the US from pushing the issue further. Afterwards, the war started on March 20, 2003 in which US was supported by around 40 countries. The power was taken from Saddam in just few days but the effects of the war can still be seen after 9 years (Fitzgerald, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Iraq War in 2003 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coverage by Gulf News Most of the articles in Gulf News cover the destruction that the world has seen as a result of this war that was never desired by people of Iraq. The poverty level has gone up sharply as benefits provided by Saddam’s government certainly stopped after his demise. Acco rding to an article published in Gulf news on February 4, 2012, there were around 100,000 Iraqis killed as a result of bombing and numerous others have died in other violence and sectarian attacks (Gulf News, 2012). The Humanitarian Group Relief International estimates that 10% of the women are widower and are leading households in Iraq. Another article in the Gulf News also covers the stories regarding the torture faced by the prisoners in the occupied country from the attacking alliance, which is a clear violation of human rights and the UN constitution (Gulf News, 2010). Coverage by Washington Post Washington Post started to give coverage to the Iraq war since the inception of the debate on Iraq in the US Congress. Later the resolution was passed to attack Iraq by the US government. The article titled ‘Hussain’s Baghdad Falls’, designates Saddam a ruthless leader. It holds Saddam responsible for spreading poverty and fear in the country for decades. The articl e clearly justifies actions of the US government. Another articles placed in the Washington Post on December 10, 2011 states consequences of US war against Iraq. It mentions that the people perceive the US army as the killer, not the defender, and they are certainly against the long term presence of the US army in their Iraq. The article further mentions that around 92,614 people were killed by the US army from March 2003 to March 2008, but exactly how many Iraqis were killed may never be known (Sly, 2005). Coverage by Azzaman Newspaper The views covered by the Iraqi newspapers is quite different from that published in Washington Post however, there are similarities with those of Gulf News. The news paper covered the loss as a resultant of the war including the loss of killing the innocent citizen, destruction to infrastructure and the economy as whole. Moreover, it talked about the effects of war on the control of oil rich region where Kurds do not allow national army to make any i nterference. This region which borders with Turkey has been the root of conflict between Iraq and Turkey which is leading to imbalance in the region and could lead to civil war within Iraq (Abdulsalam, 2012).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The Gulf News and Azzaman have presented the actual picture of the condition of Iraq since the inception of the war. They have covered the loss sustained by the people as well as their perception regarding this war. The Washington Times, on the other hand, has tried to defend the vicious acts of the US government. It blames Saddam Hussain for all that is happening in Iraq and further, an impression has been created that the US government is being helpful to the people by financially supporting them. Reference List Abdulsalam, F. (2012). War over oil and wealth in Iraq. Azzaman. Web. Fitzgerald, P. (2011). Iraq War Summary. The fin er times. Web. Gulf News. (2010). Prosecute those Involved in Iraq War. Gulf news. Web. Gulf News. (2012). Iraq war widows face government apathy. Gulf news. Web. Sly, L. (2005). Civilian killings created insurmountable hurdle to extended U.S. troop presence in Iraq.  Washington Post. Web.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Iraq War in 2003 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research paper on Iraq War in 2003 was written and submitted by user Scream to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on D -12s Bio

In the post-Motown landscape of Detroit, brothers rocking the mic are still being considered the voice of young America. Yet, instead of dreaming of blue skies and white picket fences, the unruly boys known as D12 create surreal universes of wild times and unruly rhymes. On their bombastic sophomore effort, D-12 World, this motley crew of versatile style slayers mixes the rowdiness and absurdities of their lives into one potent cocktail. Two years after selling four million copies worldwide of their debut Devil’s Night, these motor city wild boys are on a mission to define themselves in the hectic canon of now-school hip-hop. â€Å"In D-12 World, anything can happen at any time,† Kuniva laughs. â€Å"Devil’s Night was just an introduction, now it’s time for us to really go crazy.† With a lineup that includes sharp tongued Eminem, crazy cat Bizarre, beatmaster Kon Artis, laid-back Swift, chilled-out Kuniva and freestyle king Proof, the D12 posse is already popular. The group’s debut disc received rave reviews in the press. USA Today wrote, â€Å"The garishly funky beats that underpin the diabolically clever wordplay make the album hard to dismiss†¦their diatribes seem born less of anger and more of disdain for all that’s politically correct.† Indeed, Devil’s Night established D12 as one of the super groups of the new millennium with its chart-topping single’s â€Å"Purple Pills† and â€Å"Fight Music† and with their outlandish antics on record and in performance. So what if Eminem has nine Grammys and one Oscar (â€Å"Lose Yourself† from the 8 Mile soundtrack); so what if Mr. Shady has proven himself as a film star (8 Mile) and America’s most popular rapper, when D12 is in the house, he’s just another group member. â€Å"We all knew each other growing up in Detroit,† Proof remembers. â€Å"I used to sneak Em into my school lunchroom just so he could battle. Later, when we started battling once a month at Maurice Malone’... Free Essays on D -12's Bio Free Essays on D -12's Bio In the post-Motown landscape of Detroit, brothers rocking the mic are still being considered the voice of young America. Yet, instead of dreaming of blue skies and white picket fences, the unruly boys known as D12 create surreal universes of wild times and unruly rhymes. On their bombastic sophomore effort, D-12 World, this motley crew of versatile style slayers mixes the rowdiness and absurdities of their lives into one potent cocktail. Two years after selling four million copies worldwide of their debut Devil’s Night, these motor city wild boys are on a mission to define themselves in the hectic canon of now-school hip-hop. â€Å"In D-12 World, anything can happen at any time,† Kuniva laughs. â€Å"Devil’s Night was just an introduction, now it’s time for us to really go crazy.† With a lineup that includes sharp tongued Eminem, crazy cat Bizarre, beatmaster Kon Artis, laid-back Swift, chilled-out Kuniva and freestyle king Proof, the D12 posse is already popular. The group’s debut disc received rave reviews in the press. USA Today wrote, â€Å"The garishly funky beats that underpin the diabolically clever wordplay make the album hard to dismiss†¦their diatribes seem born less of anger and more of disdain for all that’s politically correct.† Indeed, Devil’s Night established D12 as one of the super groups of the new millennium with its chart-topping single’s â€Å"Purple Pills† and â€Å"Fight Music† and with their outlandish antics on record and in performance. So what if Eminem has nine Grammys and one Oscar (â€Å"Lose Yourself† from the 8 Mile soundtrack); so what if Mr. Shady has proven himself as a film star (8 Mile) and America’s most popular rapper, when D12 is in the house, he’s just another group member. â€Å"We all knew each other growing up in Detroit,† Proof remembers. â€Å"I used to sneak Em into my school lunchroom just so he could battle. Later, when we started battling once a month at Maurice Malone’...

Managing of Energy Assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managing of Energy Assets - Essay Example Proposed technique and Justification for the Technique 12 6. Conclusion 13 7. References 14 Monitoring Transformer Performance 1. Introduction Before going to present the proposal for instruments and techniques that can be used to monitor the condition of a transformer, let us get a better understanding of what transformer actually is and why is it important to supply electricity through the network. A transformer is an electric device, which is designed to convert alternating voltage from one level to another usually from high voltage to low voltage. Transformers work on the principle of magnetic induction. Dickinson (2009) states, â€Å"Transformers under load generate heat due to winding (copper) and core losses occurring during operation†. Transformers are solid-state devices, as they have no moving parts in them. The step up or step down in the voltages is the main use of every transformer. 2. Oil Filled Transformers There are two main categories of transformers, which in clude dry type and liquid filled transformers. In this paper, we will prepare a proposal for oil-filled transformers at substations, which are one of the main types of liquid filled transformers. Oil filled transformers make use of cellulose paper and mineral based oil in their insulation systems. This combination of cellulose paper and oil is very good for the working of transformers because they provide remarkable dielectric and thermal properties at a low cost. About this combination, Dickinson (2009) states, â€Å"So popular and effective are these units, that all other transformer designs are judged in relation to them†. For outdoor usage, oil filled transformers are the best ones among all types of transformers because of their low purchase costs and thermal and dielectric properties. The inclusion of mineral oil in the oil-filled transformers although makes them flammable but the low cost associated with these transformers makes them a good choice for power distributio n companies. The low purchase cost of oil-filled transformers makes them an attractive choice for all types of power distribution companies. Dickinson (2009) asserts, â€Å"Oil-filled transformers, thanks to their lower purchase costs, find applications in literally every sort of power distribution†. The only weakness of mineral oil filled transformers is flammability, which is the reason why these transformers are allowed only in outdoor locations because outdoor locations are considered safe for the installation of oil-filled transformers because of availability of proper fire protection mechanisms. Experts suggest that the consumers should always buy oil-filled transformers from trusted manufacturers because they ensure lowest level of flammability in the oil-filled transformers. Flammability is such a weakness of oil-filled transformers that most of the power distribution companies seek good replacements of oil-filled dtransformers, which should be non-flammable. This is the reason why dry type transformers have been popular for decades because they are completely free from this weakness. Dry type transformers make use of high temperature insulation instead of mineral oil which them a risk free option for power distribution companies. â€Å"Dry type transformer construction uses high-temperature insulation that exceeds the ratings of cellulose or 'O' and 'K' class fluids† (Dickinson 2009). There is no risk of flammability in

The reinterpretation of dreams; The role of cognition in classical and Essay

The reinterpretation of dreams; The role of cognition in classical and operant conditioning - Essay Example 882). As Revonsuo argues that nightmares do not support psychological theories according to which dreams serve emotional healing and adjustment problems. Revonsuo argues, however, that dream content is not as random as theorists claim. In fact, dream content is not only highly organized, but also highly selective. While dreaming occurs, the brain recreates a complicated representation of the world and these representations can either exaggerate waking world experiences of downplay them (Revonsuo 783). Revonsuo also argues that the content of dreams illustrates that dreams are mediated by specific experiences in the waking world. As a result, Revonsuo hypothesizes that dreams are therefore biological functions that serve to â€Å"simulate threatening events, and to rehearse threat perception and threat avoidance† (p. 783). Revonsuo supports his hypothesis by arguing that empirical studies consistently demonstrate that dream content is usually associated with â€Å"threatening elements† (p. 883). In other words, dreams usually involve negative experiences and rarely involve positive experiences. For example, a study conducted by Hall and Van de Castle in 1966) involved dream recollections from 500 females and 500 males between the ages of 18 and 25. The contents of the dream recollections revealed that 80% of the dream contents were negative experiences and only 20% contained positive experiences. Relying on the study conducted by Hall and Van de Castle, Revonsuo observes that a majority of the negative dreams were comprised of attacks or apprehensions of attacks from strange men or animals and in each case the dreamer either took flight or attempted to take flight or hid, or immediate arose from sleep (p. 884). Revonsuo evaluates why strange men and/or animals are the predominant threats in dream contents. Revonsuo goes back to the experiences of primitive man and notes that our ancestors existed in an environment in which animals were persistent t hreats. Our ancestors developed a survival instinct in which running, hiding or otherwise escaping became a staple coping mechanism. These human fears and instincts continue to haunt modern man. Dreaming simulates and perpetuates our instinctive and ancestral â€Å"threat-avoidance programs† (Revonsuo 884). Moreover, human relations were such that men often fought with one another for access to resources necessary for basic living. Although today, interactions with strange men are rarely threatening, it remains true that violence and wars are more frequently committed by males than by females. Therefore unpleasant dream contents in which strange men are the aggressor are also rooted in our ancestors’ survival instincts (Revonsuo 884). Essentially, Revonsuo concludes that dreams represent simulations of threats and that actions played out in dreams are actually representations of waking world experiences of possibilities. Dreaming about perceptions of threats and mechan isms for avoiding threats is no more than a rehearsal or simulation technique conducted in a relatively safe location: the dream world (Revonsuo). Essay 2: Kirsch, I.; Lynn, S. J.; Vigorito, M. and Miller, R. R. â€Å"The Role of Cognition in Classical and Operant Conditioning.† Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 4(2004): 369-392. Previously classical condition was perceived as a reflexive response to external stimuli. For example,

Challenging environment Essay Example for Free

Challenging environment Essay Mrs. Dae is a 28 year old Caucasian female. She presents clean and well dressed. She is approximately 5’ 6†, 145 lbs. She appears healthy and in shape. No visible physical deformities. She has normal gate. She is open and cooperative. She has a normal rate of speech and makes appropriate eye contact. Mrs. Dae expresses herself appropriately. In discussing family history, Mrs. Dae has little trouble recalling events. She is unaware of some family history on her father’s side. Mrs. Dae is orientated x 4. She has logical thought process. Mrs. Dae is alert, however, states she has been busy lately and is tired today. She reports getting approximately 6-8 hours of sleep nightly. Mrs. Dae is able to count backward from 100 by 7’s. She displays logical thought processes. No report of hallucinations or delusions. Mrs. Dae appears to have good judgment and insight. She is of high intelligence and is able to appropriately explain the meaning of a common proverb. (â€Å"A rolling stone gathers no moss†) (â€Å"How to†). Mrs. Dae appears happy and confident, with appropriate affect. During the interview Mrs. Dae was relaxed and participated in spontaneous conversation. She denies any suicidal or homicidal ideation. Strengths/ Weaknesses: Mrs. Dae is highly educated. She appears confidant with high self esteem. She reports she enjoys caring for others. She has good insight and appears to have good coping skills. Mrs. Dae has a supportive family. In terms of weaknesses, Mrs. Dae admits to taking on too many activities at once and at times she feels â€Å"burned out†. Family History: Mrs. Dae is the second of three children and grew up in a typical middle class American home. She has an older brother and a younger sister. Mrs. Dae’s parents were divorced when she was 7 years old. Ms. Dae and her siblings lived with their mother. Mrs. Dae reports her father was verbally and physically abusive toward her mother. This was the reason for the divorce. She does not recall being the victim of such abuse herself. However, she reports that her mother tells her that her father was â€Å"mean to all of us† (referring to Ms. Dae, her siblings and mother). Mrs. Dae denies any sexual abuse. Shortly after the divorce, Mrs. Dae reports all three children stopped seeing their father. She currently has no relationship with her father, however she reports speaking to him on the phone occasionally. Aside from these events, Mrs. Dae reports a normal childhood. She reports discipline as a child in the form of â€Å"grounding, which rarely occurred†. Mrs. Dae is currently married. She has been married for the past 8 years. She denies any previous marriages. Ms. Dae describes her marriage as â€Å"good†. She states she and her husband attended marriage counseling for approximately 3 months earlier in their marriage. Mrs. Dae reports that her husband has a well paying job. She denies any current financial hardship. The couple recently bought their first home. She reported some stress during the process. However, she did not think it was â€Å"more then would be expected when buying a home†. Mrs. Dae and her husband have one child, a 5 year old girl. Education and Work: Mrs. Dae graduated high school in the top 10% of her class and went on to college. She majored in psychology and graduated Cum Laude. She continued to earn her Master of Science degree. Mrs. Dae currently works with at risk youth in the prevention and advocacy department of a non-profit company. She has been with her current employer for one year. She reports being satisfied with her job. She states she makes â€Å"good† money and the work she does is rewarding. Mrs. Dae stated she plans on returning to school in the near future for her PhD in Psychology. Her long term goal is to go into private practice serving youth. Mental/ Physical Health: There is no known history of mental illness on her mother’s side of the family. Mrs. Dae reported there may be depression on her father’s side. Mrs. Dae denies any form of depression aside from â€Å"the blues† every now and then. Mrs. Dae reports history of cancer on both sides of her family. Mrs. Dae participates in annual physical examinations. According to her last physical she is in good health. Mrs. Dae denies substance use. She stated she will drink a glass of wine â€Å"once in a while†. Mrs. Dae denies tobacco use. Legal History: Mrs. Dae denies any significant legal history, aside from a few traffic tickets. Social: Mrs. Dae reports she has a group of friends, other married couples, that she and her husband spend time with. She is also a member of her church and participates in social events at the church. As her child recently started attending elementary school, Mrs. Dae stated she has joined the school’s Parent-Teacher Association. Spiritual: Mrs. Dae reports growing up Catholic but she did not go to church often as a child. She states that she no longer practices Catholicism, however, she does go to a non denominational Christian church. She goes to church on a regular basis. She feels strongly about her beliefs. Mrs. Dae reports that she prays on a daily basis and stated â€Å"this keeps me grounded†. Hobbies/Activities: Mrs. Day states she enjoys reading, yoga, and going to the spa with friends. She admits she has little time to spend on these activities. However, she reports that she and her husband give each other time with their friends, time together, and family time on a regular basis. References How to do a Mental Status Exam. Retrieved on November 9, 2007 from http://www.psychpage.com/learning/library/assess/mse.htm

What is the Future of Social Security? Essay -- essays research papers

What is the future of Social Security?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is much-heated debate on the issues of Social Security today. The Social Security system is the largest government program of income distribution in the United States. People are concerned that they won't see a dime of what they worked so hard to contribute into the Social Security system for so many years. Social Security provides benefits to about forty-three million Americans. Not only to retired workers, but also to their spouses and dependents of the workers who die prematurely. It also provides benefits to disabled workers and their dependents. Social Security appears to most people like a simple retirement saving’s account. After all, you generally contribute through payroll deductions, then get money back after you retire. Nonetheless, Social Security is a complex and intricate communal program. By design, Social Security involves massive subsidies from the next generation of retirees to the present, from single workers to married couples. Now that the gigantic post World War II baby boomers generation approaches retirement age, there is concern about the consequences it will have on Social Security. There are basically three options, we can do nothing and allow Social Security to run it’s course, revise Social Security, or consider privatization of the system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Historically, the Democratic and Republican parties have clear and opposing viewpoints. Quite simply, the Democrats whole-heartedly oppose change to a program initiated under Roosevelt's New Deal. The Republicans consider this social program contrary to capitalism. However, over time the Republicans learned that it's popularity with the voters has made this issue untouchable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Congressman Richard Gephardt, the social security was not meant to be the sole source of retirement income but rather as a foundation for retirement to give all working Americans a safety cushion. There will be money in the fund until 2029, so distressing baby boomers don’t have to worry. After that money is depleted the revenue from the payroll tax will be sufficient enough to pay 75% of every social security benefit for the subsequent 75 years. But how many burdens should be put on the young and middle age individuals, whose taxes basically pay for government retirement ... ...s for generations to come, which in essence, needs to start now. Using a conservative economic projection should be one of the steps taken for the growth of future social security. We all know there are no free rides in life; someone is always taking the bill, much less in social security. Any of the changes discussed in this report would impose a real alteration in the level of benefits, taxation and risks. Ultimately, we need to look forward with complete understanding and full acceptance of changes, while keeping faith in a system, which has served us so well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard A. Gephardt, Being Careful with Social Security [article online], Newsweek Inc. Accessed 15 January 1997; Page A19. Social Security Administration. Available from http://www.ssa.gov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert J. Samuelson, Justice Among Social Security [article online], Newsweek Inc. Accessed 1 July 1998; Page A23. Social Security Administration. Available from http://www.ssa.gov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

High-Risk Family Assessment and Health Promotion Essay

High-Risk Families A high-risk family is a family unit that is at an increased risk for emotional, intellectual, or developmental problem because of the type of environment or circumstances that is occurring within the family unit. Adults and children that are involved in these high-risk family units are at a higher risk to develop problems, both physically and emotionally. There are many indicators for early detection of risk factors: neighborhood environment, poverty, poor kept homes, characteristics of adults present in the home, marital problems, and child neglect. There are many programs and interventions that can be implemented to try to change the negative effects and ensure a positive outcome within the family unit. History of Teen Pregnancy According to Furstenberg, Brooks-Gunn & Chase-Lansdale (1989), in an article titled Teenaged Pregnancy and Childbearing, teen pregnancy did not become prevalent until the 1960s. Two changes occurred contributing to the increase in teenage pregnancies: 1.) an increase in sexual activity of young girls and 2.) a decrease in the number of teenage marriages. By the 1980s over half of white females and three-fourths of black females were sexually active by the age of 18 (Furstenberg, Brooks-Gunn & Chase-Lansdale, 1989). Contraception was not regularly used when having sexual relations, and many of these females became pregnant during their teen years. Furstenberg, Brooks-Gunn & Chase-Lansdale (1989), also continue to say that compared to the number of unmarried teenage females in 1950 the females of 1980s were two-thirds white and almost 97% black single females. Also, 40% of these teenage pregnancies would end with abortion, and that the younger teenagers would have more abortions. A pre gnant teenager has many decisions to make regarding her future: 1.) future schooling 2.) relationship with the  baby’s father 3.) family’s support 4.) peer’s support. Summary of the Health Profile of a Pregnant Teen The risk of some teenagers getting pregnant is high in some circumstances. There are many life situations that place teenage girls at a risk of becoming pregnant. These may include poor school performance, sexual abuse, poverty, being raised by a single parent household, having a mother who was an teenager mother, or having a sister who has become pregnant at a young age. According to Saewyc, Magee & Pettingell, (2004) the risk of a teenager getting pregnant is increased if that teenager has been sexually abused. The pregnancy is because they have been sexually abused they have a feeling of powerlessness which can lead to impairment when it comes to using a contraceptive (Saewyc, Magee & Pettingell, 2004). Also, if the teenager has been sexually abused then they may have a higher chance of substance abuse and running away from home (Saewyc, Magee & Pettingell, 2004). Substance abuse can lead the risk for multiple partners, unprotected sex, and turning to sex work in order to support their habit. Many teenagers feel that they are under pressure to have sexual relations. Peer pressure, bullying, and teasing by friends can lead to sexual intercourse at a much earlier age. Also, being allowed to date at an early age can lead to pregnancy, especially if the individual they are sleeping with refuses to use contraception. There are many social and cultural changes that have occurred regarding dating. Getting to know a person over a long period, or courting, is no longer part of dating. Couples now move onto physical relationships much quicker, and sex is part of the relationship. Poor education and low achievement levels in school can lead to unwanted pregnancies. Teenagers who drop out of school are more likely to become pregnant and not complete their education. Teens that get pregnant tend to come from more disadvantaged families than those who do not become pregnant. Being of lower income contributes to a low hope of possible financial success which usually leads to choices of short-term contentment, having a  baby while they are young and unmarried. Orem’s Self-Care Model Dorothea Orem published the Concepts of Nursing in 1971 and the sixth publication in 2001. According to Sitzman & Eichelberger, (2011), â€Å"Orem’s Self-Care Model describes a structure where the nurse assists the client, as needed, to maintain an adequate level of self-care. The degree of nursing care and interventions depend on the degree to which the client is able (or unable) to meet self-care needs† (p. 96). Orem’s general theory is in three parts: 1.) theory of self-care 2.) theory of self-care deficit 3.) theory of nursing system (Chitty, 2005, p. 283). The theory of self-care focuses on patient’s self-care capacities. The theory of self-care deficits specifies when nursing care is needed. Orem identifies five methods of helping: 1.) acting for and doing for others 2.) guiding others 3.) supporting others 4.) providing an environment promoting personal development in relations to meeting future demands 5.) teaching another (Orem, 2001 as cited in M asters, 2011, p. 183). The theory of nursing system describes the responsibilities and roles of the nurse and patient, the reason for the nurse-patient relationship, and the types of interventions needed to be provided to meet the patient’s needs. The theoretical framework of Orem’s theory as it relates to the metaparadigm for nursing is based on the person, a nurse, environment, and health. Nursing is the ability to assist patients to provide and manage self-care to improve and maintain human function at some level. Health is not only taking care of the body but is also how a person performs with daily activities of living and progressing toward higher levels of functioning. Environment includes four features: 1.) physical 2.) chemical 3.) biological 4.) social (Orem, 2001 as cited in Masters, 2011, p. 183). The environment has an impact on the individual’s health and well-being. Finally, persons are human beings who are different from other living beings. Human beings can reflect, symbolize, and use symbols. The person is a patient whom the nurse cares for. Orem’s theory can be applied to all three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Every person needing nursing care has requirements at the primary level of prevention. Secondary prevention is required after the onset of illness and is directed toward reducing complications and disability. Tertiary care is appropriate when functioning is limited. Dorothea Orem’s  theory provides a widespread foundation to the nursing practice and is specific to when nursing care is needed. Orem’s theory can be applied can be applied to various age groups including teenage mothers of newborns. The self-care deficit theory of nursing is useful with teenage mothers of newborns. The theory will focus on the strengths and/or weaknesses of the individual. Methods of help and interventions include teaching, guiding, and providing for and/or maintaining direction in an environment that supports personal development. Healthy People 2020 Objectives According to Healthy People 2020 goals are to improve pregnancy planning and spacing, and prevent unintended pregnancy. Reducing pregnancies among adolescent females aged 15 to 17 years, reducing the number of pregnancies conceived within 18 months of a previous birth, increasing the number of both males and females who have never had sexual intercourse, increasing the number of sexually active persons who use condoms to both effectively prevent pregnancy and provide barrier protection against disease, and increase the number of adolescents who received formal instruction on reproductive health topics before they are 18 years old are all applicable objectives related to teenage pregnancy (â€Å"Family planning,†). There are many nursing interventions that are applicable for prevention of teen pregnancies. Nursing education that includes teaching about contraception, abstinence, and having schools administer condoms through the health office. Interventions can also include designing and presenting programs that includes parent-teen communication with their parent(s), while promoting abstinence and the proper use of contraception. According to Furstenberg, Brooks-Gunn & Chase-Lansdale (1989) there have been efforts made to prevent teen pregnancies. According to the Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing primary prevention, delaying sexual activity, and using contraception is where all efforts should be focused on for prevention (Furstenberg, Brooks-Gunn & Chase-Lansdale, 1989). Primary prevention programs include: 1.) educating teens about sexuality and contraception 2.) changing attitudes about early sexual involvement and 3) providing contraceptives and family planning (Furstenberg, Brooks-Gunn & Chase-Lansdale, 1989). Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse as a Case Manager Advanced Practice Nurses have the education, training, and skills to perform many of the primary-care duties performed by physicians. Advanced Practice Nurse Case Manager carries out advanced practice functions and develops functions that help to achieve the best results for the client through valuable interactions with clients. The Advanced Practice Nurse will manage and coordinate care for the pregnant teenagers and their families, provide health education, teach self-care behaviors, and offer psychosocial counseling and support, assess the efficacy of the health care system, and assist and monitor improvement ideas of the health care system. Conclusion Teenage pregnancy has been a major problem facing our children since the 1950s. Teen parents are less likely to finish school, more likely to live in poverty, more likely to have babies with low-birth weights and more likely to have children who become teenage mothers themselves. The goals of the health educator should include changing the behavior, providing counseling services, primary and preventative health care, and family educations. For the future, all teens should be aware of the risks involved of sexual intercourse and be educated on the ways to prevent pregnancies. Reference Chitty, K. K. (2005). Professional nursing, concepts & challenges. W B Saunders Co. Family planning. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicId=13 Furstenberg, F. F., Jr., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Chase-Lansdale, L. (1989). Teenaged pregnancy and childbearing. American Psychologist, 44(2), 313-320. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.313 Masters, K. (2011). Nursing theories, a framework for professional practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Saewyc, E. M., Magee, L. L., & Pettingell, S. E. (2004). Teenage pregnancy and associated risk behaviors among sexually abused adolescents. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 36(3), Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3609804.html Sitzman, K., & Eichelberger, L. W. (2011). Understanding the work of nurse theorists, a creative beginning (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.